building blocks of proteins-is an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group.
-the general formula: at the center of the amino acid is an asymmetric carbon atom called the alpha carbon. Its four different partners are an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable group symbolized by R. The R group, also called the side chain, differs with each amino acid.
the redistribution of electrons between atoms, leading to a more stable configuration
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
bond formed between amino acids
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
A type of weak chemical bond formed between two nonpolar amino acids
What 3 groups make up an amino acid?
Amino (NH3+), Carboxyl (COO-), Central Alpha Carbon (Ca), and Hydrogen
contain oxygen or nitrogen, or both, in addition to carbon and hydrogen in their R group.
What are the four levels of protein Structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Shape (helix/pleated) that forms when hydrogen bonds are added between carboxyl and amino groups.
protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure.
-the result of different secondary structures interacting with one another via their R groups/side chains
-these interactions include hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds.
-proteins can now function at this stage.
Non-polar amino acids will have what at the end of the R group?
a protein whose structure has been changed by physical or chemical agents
refers to a proteins 3D structure or the active protein
refers to all the forces that keep a protein properly folded in its active form.
what type of protein bond if broken tends to aggregate?
hydrophobic interactions (non polar)
What to Hydrophobic amino acids always end with?
The breaking apart of the primary structure/peptide bonds by hydrolysis
What type of bonds occur in secondary structure of protein synthesis?
Which level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?
which force is most influential in determining the secondary structure of a protein?
