The hormone called ____________ increases sodium re-absorption from the kidney tubules.
Indicate the names of the two major fluid compartments of the body.
extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid
One way electrolytes are lost from the body is in _________.
Blood plasma and tissue fluid normally has a pH from __________ to ___________.
The chemical class called ________________________ function to increase urine output.
Indicate the two physiological buffer systems.
respiratory system, renal system
The total solute concentration of a body fluid is called its __________________.
TRUE or FALSE: The primary regulator of water intake is thirst.
List two sources of water intake.
ingestion , cellular metabolism
IMPORTANT: A chemical that combines with excess acids or bases is called a ____________.
The _______________ fluid compartment includes all of the fluid found within the cells of the body.
Indicate the mechanisms that are part of the body’s first line of defense against pH shifts.
bicarbonate buffer, protein buffer, phosphate buffer
The primary method of regulating water loss is by changing the volume of _________ that is produced.
As water loss occurs in the body, what happens to the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid?
osmotic pressure of ECF increases
Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance.
replace lost water and electrolytes, excrete any excess water and electrolytes
blood lymphatic vessels, hypoproteinmia
Many disorders cause excess tissue fluid to accumulate. Excessive tissue fluid is called _________.
What change in water balance results in an increase in the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid?
output exceeds intake (water loss)
What are three conditions associated with thirst?
List the four fluids that are part of the extracellular fluid compartment.
plasma, lymph, transcellular fluid, interstitial fluid
Decreased plasma protein production by the liver results in _______________________.
Hyponatremia is a condition in which there is too little ___________________ in the blood.
true, the respiratory center regulates pH by controlling the rate and depth of breathing
Rank the fluid compartments from highest to lowest in protein content.
intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions are known as ______________.
What is an important function of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid?
they control movement of the water between fluid compartments
By regulating ____________________, the body regulates electrolyte input.
The two major types of alkalosis are ______________ alkalosis and _______________ alkalosis.
When does electrolyte balance occur?
when the amount of electrolytes gained equals the amount lost
substance that removes hydrogen ions from solution
What is the largest of fluid intake?
An acid-base buffer stabilizes pH by __________________ or _______________ as needed.
binding excess H+ or releasing H+
low potassium concentration in the blood
higher than normal levels of potassium in the blood
When the renal tubules actively re-absorb sodium, the anion _______________ follows passively.
Hyponatremia is a condition in which there is too little ________________ in the blood.
Ten percent of total water intake comes from ____________________.
Which buffering system responds most rapidly?
fluid accumulation in the abdomen
Phosphoric acid is a byproduct of the breakdown of what compound?
When electrolytes are depleted, one would crave ______________.
Why are the elderly more susceptible to dehydration than younger adults?
their thirst mechanisms are less sensitive
The term perspiration includes what route of water loss?
The percent of total water intake that is from water of metabolism is ________%.
By what route does MOST water loss (output) occur?
The __________________ buffer system consists of the compound HPO4^-2 and H2PO4.
List three examples of transcellular fluids.
synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluid in the body cavities
Why are infants more susceptible to dehydration than adults?
their kidneys are less efficient at conserving water
The activity of the hormone calcitonin results in a(n) ______________ in calcium levels.
Indicate two possible causes of hypokalemia.
diuretic drugs that increase potassium excretion, increased aldosterone secretion
One mole of sodium chloride yields ____________ osmole of dissolved particles.
What force causes interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries?
hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
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Indicate two actions of the hormone calcitonin.
increases urinary excretion of calcium, stimulates bone formation
Hyperventilation leads to respiratory _________________.
Drinking water decreases plasma osmolarity and ________________ the secretion of ADH.
In the extracellular fluid, 90% of the cations are ______________ ions
The loss of bicarbonate ions as a result of prolonged diarrhea may lead to ____________________.
Name three factors that may lead to metabolic acidosis.
What are two symptoms of acidosis?
depression of the nervous system, cyanosis
Hyperkalemia causes which two symptoms?
skeletal muscle paralysis, cardiac disturbances
Where is the bicarbonate buffer system functional in maintaining acid/base balance?
Most changes in urine volume are linked to varying levels of the hormone called _________.
Indicate two proteins that can act as buffers as part of the protein buffer system.
What two things can cause hypercalcemia?
Indicate two symptoms associated with uncompensated alkalosis.
tingling in nerves, light headedness
Increased urine output occurs with _________________ ADH release.
decreased, ADH inhibits urine output
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) influence regulation of water output?
ADH changes the permeability of renal tubules to water
Indicate two symptoms of heatstroke.
increased heart rate, headache and dizziness
carbonic acid; bicarbonate ions
Which situation results in a reduced urine output?
When might a temporary reduction in thirst occur?
the stomach wall distends from water intake even before the water is absorbed into the blood.
Indicate two symptoms of hypocalcemia.
difficulty breathing, cardiac arrhythmias
List four factors that can lead to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis.
aspirin poisoning, anxiety, fever, being at high altitude
Inhibiting ADH release causes ____________ water reabsorption and ___________________ urine output.
What is the largest fluid compartment, containing about two-thirds of the body fluid?
Sodium is the most abundant cation in the _________________ fluid.
Two metabolic sources of hydrogen ions are _______________ and __________________.
anaerobic respiration of glucose; aerobic respiration of glucose
indicate two effects of aldosterone on the renal tubules.
increase in potassium secretion, increase in sodium reabsorption
Drinking water decreases plasma osmolarity and ____________ the secretion of ADH.
What causes the net inward force that shifts fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries?
to have equal water and electrolyte concentrations inside and outside of cells
One component of the bicarbonate buffer system is ______________ acid, which acts as a weak acid.
The ___________________ are able to rid the body of hydrogen ions, helping in the regulation of pH.
List two sources of electrolytes for the body.
food and drink, metabolic reactions
How does alcohol consumption lead to an increase urine output?
by inhibiting the release of ADH
The condition in which blood calcium levels are higher than normal is called ___________________.
Most of the hydrogen ions in body fluids are products of _____________________.
hydrogen ions and metabolic acids
TRUE or FALSE: Sodium and potassium are the only ions that are important in cellular functions.
Name three sources of water loss.
water in sweat, water in urine, water in expired air
Indicate nine things that include the electrolytes of greatest importance to cellular functions.
phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium
Indicate three factors that might influence the rate of water loss from the body.
relative humidity, physical exercise, temperature
The body can acquire sufficient electrolytes by responding to _____________ and thirst.
Substances that combine with hydrogen ions are called ____________.
A ________________ base releases more hydroxide ions than a ______________ base.
Name three effects of parathyroid hormone.
Indicate three factors that may lead to metabolic acidosis.
What term describes all of the water and electrolytes enclosed within the cells of the body?
Indicate two effects of aldosterone on the renal tubules.
increase in sodium reabsorption, increase in potassium secretion
List three symptoms of dehydration.
loss of body weight, decreased sweating, decreased urination
Control of urine volume regulates _________________.
What is the importance of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in body fluid regulation?
they contribute to movement between fluid compartments
Indicate the three major chemical buffer systems in the body.
phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, bicarbonate buffer system
List three mechanisms used to regulate the pH levels in body fluids.
respiratory changes, renal changes, chemical buffer systems
a decreased elimination of carbon dioxide
List three electrolytes that are have high concentration levels in extracellular fluid.
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions
Indicate three conditions associated with thirst.
state, condition, or process of
Indicate three factors that can lead to respiratory acidosis.
a product of oxidation of specific amino acids
product of hydrolysis of nucleic acids
product of carbon dioxide (from aerobic metabolism) interacting with water
product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
